Saturday, September 24, 2016

THE MAGNIFICENT ANTS OF AFRICA

Ants collected in Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania. They will blow your mind:

by G McGavin, 1995-97
Photo Ant's Life By: Ed Mmuni

The Mkomazi Game Reserve is located in north-east Tanzania and lies adjacent to the Kenyan border and the Tsavo (West) National Park. It covers an area of circa 3250 km2 with geographical borderlines of 37°35'-38°45' E and 3°50'-4°25' S. The area is part of the East African high plateau, with an altitude varying between 240 and 1609 m a.s.l. The climate is semi-arid (Coe, 1995) with a pronounced dry season and high mean temperatures between 23.1 and 37.8 °C. Precipitation ranges from 300 mm in the eastern part to 900 mm in the central and western parts of the reserve and shows a bimodal distribution, with the long rainy season between March and mid-May and the short rainy season between late October and December. The habitat is wooded grassland on the plains and woodland on the top of most hills; the most common tree species belong to the genera Acacia and Commiphora.

Insect sampling and analysis. Trees (see list at the bottom) were sampled during visits by the Dr George McGavin in April 1995, December 1995-January 1996, March-April 1996, and January 1997. Samples were taken using a "Hurricane Minor" petrol-driven mist blower (Cooper-Pegler Ltd), with an ultra-low-volume delivery nozzle. A mist of undiluted Pybuthrin 216. a pyrethroid formulation synergised with piperonyl butoxide. was sprayed into the canopy in still conditions with dry leaf surfaces. Only trees under 10m high were sprayed and spraying time was 30 s, with three bursts from different directions. After a standard drop-time of 1 h, insects were collected in 1-m2 funnel-shaped trays. Catches were brushed into collecting jars, separated from debris and plant material and stored in 70% alcohol. All trays put under one tree were lumped to form a sample.


To avoid a proliferation of references the early taxonomic literature is not cited here. TL = total length from apex of gaster (abdomen) to the frontal margin of the head, excluding the mandibles.
A simple listing of the ant species is given below. A draft in the style of a scientific paper, by myself and Dr George McGavin, with consideration of studies by other authors, notably in Kenya, is given onMkomazi Ants Draft, January 2009. The accompanying appendix showing thumbnail images of the ant species is on Mkomazi ants.

Ant species from Mkomazi
* first record for Tanzania
DOLICHODERINAETapinoma danitschi Forel* type location Kenya, Fundu Island
on Lannea schweinfurthii (Tree 3/66)
DOLICHODERINAETapinoma demissum ForelType location Zimbabwe, soil nesting
Single finding of one specimen on Dicrostachys cinerea (Tree 2/34) [amended from earlier ID as T. luteum]
DOLICHODERINAETapinoma minimum Mayrtype location Tanzania, Tanga
Four findings, two on Acacia nilotica (Trees 5/55/ & 5/63), 1 & 4 specimens; one on Acacia zanzibarica (Tree 5/28), 1 specimen; and, one onCombretum molle (Tree 2/31) single specimen
DOLICHODERINAETapinoma modestum Santschi* type location Zimbabwe.
three findings; one on Acacia nilotica (Tree 5/56), 2 specimens; two on Lannae schweinfurthii (Trees 3/66 & 3/67) many & 23 specimens
DOLICHODERINAETapinoma schultzei (Forel)known from Tanzania but diagnosis questionable as, like all Tapinoma the specimens crush as they dry out.
Two findings; one on Acacia zanzibarica (Tree 5/17), 3 specimens; and one on Combretum molle (Tree 3/65), 1 specimen
DOLICHODERINAETapinoma mcgavini new species Tanzaniapossible new species on Combretum molle (Tree 2/18)
DOLICHODERINAETapinoma mkomaziae new speciespossible new species on Terminalia brownii (Tree 3/68), 1 specimen
DOLICHODERINAETechnomyrmex pallipes (F Smith)new status - type location Mauritius; reported from Kenya; single dealate queen & 3 workers on two different trees; one on Dichrostachys cinerea (Tree 2/37), one queen; worker on Acacia zanzibarica (Tree 5/28)
DOLICHODERINAETechnomyrmex vapidus Bolton* reported from Kenya; one on Lannea schweinfurthii (Tree 3/66) 4 specimens
FORMICINAECamponotus (Myrmacrhaphe) rotundinodis Santschi* prior records from Uganda & Zaïre, new senior synonym of Camponotus tameri (Weber) from Sudan
One specimen on Acacia zanzibarica (Tree 5/17)
FORMICINAECamponotus (Myrmisolepis) erinaceus Gerstäckertype location Arusha, Tanzania
One finding of 3 specimens on Heywoodia lucens (Tree 3/51)
FORMICINAECamponotus (Myrmisolepis) braunsi Mayrwide ranging in East Africa, Mozambique to Somalia
One finding of 17 specimens on Acacia nilotica (Tree 5/64)
FORMICINAECamponotus (Myrmopelta) kollbrunneri (Forel)* type location Ethiopia
One finding on Heywoodia lucens (Tree 3/50), 4 specimens
FORMICINAECamponotus (Myrmosaga) mombassae Forel - revived status* previously known only from holotype worker from Mombasa, Kenya
One finding of 3 workers on Ochna holstii (Tree 3/56)
FORMICINAECamponotus (Myrmosericus) flavomarginatus Mayr* widespread across sub-Saharan Africa. Known as a quite common ground-nesting species that forages on trees
Five findings - 3 on Acacia zanzibarica (Trees 5/16, 5/17 & 5/28), 19-46 specimens; 1 on Grewia sp (Tree 2/15), 1 specimen;
1 on Terminalia brownii (Tree 3/68), 6 specimens
FORMICINAECamponotus (Myrmotrema) ilgii Forel* single dealate queen only; first report from Tanzania; earlier reports from spines of Acacia fistula Schwf. and Acacia bussei Harms
One finding, single specimen on Ochni holstii (Tree 3/56)
FORMICINAECamponotus (Myrmotrema) robecchii Emery* widespread in eastern Africa
Four findings; three on Acacia zanzibarica, 1-3 specimens; one on Terminalia brownii, 1 specimen
FORMICINAECamponotus (Orthonotomyrmex) sericeusFabriciuscommon pan-African species; ground-nesting and foraging
Single finding, one specimen on Dicrostachys cinerea (Tree 2/34)
FORMICINAECamponotus (Myrmosaga) jeanneli Santschitype location Kenya.
Five findings, all on Acacia nilotica, 43-72 specimens on each tree.
Likely co-dominant
FORMICINAELepisiota depressa (Santschi)* type location Kenya (Coastal area, River Ramisi)
Single finding of one specimen on Acacia dendropanolobium (Tree 5/60)
FORMICINAEPlagiolepis chirendensisArnold* type location Zimbabwe (nests under bark of dead trees).
Single finding of one specimen on Acacia nilotica (Tree 5/64)
FORMICINAEPlagiolepis pictipes Santschi* type location Mbuyuni, Kenya, holotype specimen only.
Single finding of one specimen on Grewia sp (Tree 2/15)
FORMICINAEPlagiolepis alluaudi Emery* sole previous record from type location, Imatong Mountains, southern Sudan.
Five findings; one on Acacia zanzibarica (Tree 5/17), 2 specimens; one on Combretum molle (Tree 3/65), 1 specimen; two on Heywoodia lucens(Trees 3/50 & 3/51), many and 12 specimens; one on Ochna holstii (Tree 3/56), 3 specimens (note - previously listed as P. sudanica
FORMICINAEPolyrhachis cubaensis Mayrreported from Kenya south to South Africa; known to nest in hollow stem galls
Single finding of three specimens on Terminalia brownii (Tree 3/68)
FORMICINAEPolyrhachis schistacea(Gerstäcker)common pan-African savannah species; ground nesting but known to forage on bushes and to tend homoptera
Two findings; one on Acacia nilotica (Tree 5/64), 8 specimens; one on Acacia zanzibarica (Tree 5/28), 10 specimens
FORMICINAEPolyrhachis viscosa F Smithcommon pan-African savannah species; ground-nesting but known to forage on trees and bushes
Six findings all with single figures for specimens; two on Acacia nilotica (Trees 5/63 & 5/64); two on Combretum molle (Trees 3/64 & 3/65); one on Lannea schweinfurthii (Tree 3/67); and, one on Terminalia brownii (Tree 3/68)
MYRMICINAECataulacus huberi André* almost all prior reports are from West Africa and the Congo Basin, with one from Uganda
Single specimen found on Heywoodia lucens (Tree 3/50)
MYRMICINAECataulacus intrudens F Smithwidespread in Eastern Africa, from Somalia south to South Africa; this appears to match a described Tanzania variant of a "very variable species"
Five findings; two on Lannea schweinfiurthi (Trees 3/66 & 3/67); two on Acacia nilotica (Trees 5/55 & 5/63); and, one on Grewia sp (Tree 2/15); in low numbers
MYRMICINAECataulacus kenyensis(Santschi)* type collection from Nairobi, Kenya
Four findings; three on Acacia zanzibarica (Trees 5/17, 5/26 & 5/28), one with many specimens; one on Acacia nilotica (Tree 5/63), single specimen
MYRMICINAECrematogaster (Cr.) acaciaeForel* widespread but apparently uncommon in Eastern Africa, from Somalia south to South Africa
Single finding, 2 specimens, on Heywoodia lucens (Tree 3/50)
MYRMICINAECrematogaster (Cr.) gallicolaForel* four known reports from Somalia south to South Africa
Two findings; one on Combretum molle (Tree 2/18), 2 specimens; one on Lannea schweinfurthii (Tree 3/67) numerous specimens
MYRMICINAECrematogaster (Cr.) mimosaeSantschi* type location Kenya, lower Mount Kenya in galls of Acacia stenocarpa;, also known from Somalia and Ethiopia
Six findings; five as a dominant on Acacia zanzibarica (Trees 5/16, 5/17, 5/26, 5/27 & 5/28); one of two specimens on Ochna holstii (Tree 3/56)
MYRMICINAECrematogaster (Cr.) nigricepsEmeryseveral reports from Tanzania north to Ethiopia and type location Somalia, from acacia spines
Four findings, all as a dominant on Acacia drepanolobium (Trees 5/58, 5/59, 5/60 & 5/61)
MYRMICINAECrematogaster (Cr.) rauana(Forel)new status; sole prior report as a variety of gallicola was from Tanzania; near Moshi
Single specimen found on Heywoodia lucens (Tree 3/51)
MYRMICINAECrematogaster (Cr.) senegalensis Roger* two findings on Heywoodia lucens (Trees 3/50 & 3/51); one specimen on each
MYRMICINAECrematogaster (Cr.) sjostedtiwidespread in Eastern Africa, from Somalia south to South Africa; type location is Tanzania, Usambara
Three findings, probably as a dominant; two on Combretum molle (Trees 2/25 & 2/31); one on Terminalia brownii (Tree 3/68)
MYRMICINAECrematogaster (Cr.) tricolorGerstäckerrevived status; widespread in Eastern Africa, from Somalia south to Mozambique; this possibly matches the described Tanzania variant bruta
Two findings; one as a possible dominant on Lannea schweinfurthii (Tree 3/66); one of 25 specimens on Grewia sp (Tree 2/15)
MYRMICINAECrematogaster (Decacrema) solenopsides Emerytype location Tanzania, subspecies flavida type location was Usambara in Acacia galls
Four findings; three of 4-49 specimens on Acacia nilotica, (Trees 5/55, 5/56 & 5/57); one of a single specimen on Combretum molle (Tree3/65)
MYRMICINAECrematogaster (Sphaerocrema) amita (Forel)* known from eastern and southern Africa; two findings, both on Combretum molle (Trees 3/64 & 3/65), 4 & 2 specimens
MYRMICINAECrematogaster (Sphaerocrema) kneri Mayr* first report from Tanzania; type location Zimbabwe, other reports from Angola.
Three findings; one on Acacia nilotica (Tree 5/55), 2 specimens; two on Combretum molle (Trees 2/26 & 2/27) ca 25 specimens on each
MYRMICINAEMonomorium pallidipes(Forel)type location Eritrea, other reports from Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania (Kilimanjaro)
Four findings; three on Acacia nilotica (Trees 5/55, 5/63 & 5/64 - 11 specimens); one on Grewia sp (Tree 2/15), 1 specimen
MYRMICINAEMonomorium speluncarum(Santschi)* holotype & 2 other workers known only from a single site in Kenya
Single finding of four specimens on Heywoodia lucens (Tree 3/50)
MYRMICINAENesomyrmex latinodis (Mayr)new status, type location Mozambique
Widespread sub-Saharan form that seems wrongly lumped with the Egypt/North Africa type N. angulatus by Bolton
Ten findings of 1-7 specimens; five on Acacia nilotica (Trees 5/55, 5/56, 5/57, 5/63 & 5/64), two on Combretum molle (Trees 2/18 & 2/31); two on Lannea schweinfurthii (Trees 3/66 & 3/67); and, one on Terminalia brownii (Tree 3/68)
MYRMICINAETetramorium caldarium(Roger)* tramp species with African records including Kenya
Three findings of 1-2 specimens each; two on Acacia nilotica (Trees 5/56 & 5/63); and one on Heywoodia lucens (Tree 3/50)
MYRMICINAETetramorium candidum Bolton* single previous record from type location in eastern Zaïre, Bukavu
Single finding of 1 specimen on Heywoodia lucens (Tree 3/50)
PSEUDOMYRMECINAETetraponera ambigua (Emery)* known from Ethiopia south to South Africa
Single finding of many specimens on Terminalia brownii (Tree 3/68)
PSEUDOMYRMECINAETetraponera bifoveolata(Mayr)first findng of a major worker; type location Mozambique but known otherwise only from Tanzania and the Horn of Africa.
Six findings; two on Acacia nilotica (Trees 5/63 & 5/64), many specimens & one queen; three on Acacia zanzibarica (Trees 5/17, 5/26 & 5/28), 24, 3 & 7 specimens; plus a single specimen on Combretum molle (Tree 3/65)
PSEUDOMYRMECINAETetraponera parops Wardreported without details from Kenya (type location), Tanzania and Somalia, collected in dead twigs
Two findings of 14 and 19 specimens on Lannea schweinfurthii (Trees 3/66 & 3/67)
PSEUDOMYRMECINAETetraponera prelli (Forel)type location Tanzania, Monga; also from Moshi and Usambara
Five findings; two on Lannea schweinfurthii (Trees 3/66 & 3/67), 1 & 20 specimens; two on Combretum molle (Trees 2/25 & 3/64), 1 & 2 specimens; one on Acacia nilotica (Tree 5/55), 11 specimens
© 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014 - Brian Taylor CBiol FSB FRES
11, Grazingfield, Wilford, Nottingham, NG11 7FN, U.K.

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